Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, occurs in horses unprotected by vaccination. The disease is caused by the toxins produced by an anaerobic spore forming bacterium Clostridium tetani present in the digestive tract of many animals and in soils when it enters the body through wounds.  

Strangles is an infectious and contagious disease of Equids caused by gram-positive bacterium; Streptococcus equi. The disease is characterized by abscessation of the lymphoid tissues of the upper respiratory tract.

Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that causes abortion, respiratory disease and occasionally neonatal mortality in horses.

Equine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory viral disease of equines characterized by high morbidity and occasional mortality. It is caused by influenza A virus (strains equine-1 H7N7 and equine-2  H3N8) endemic to horse species.  Transmission of EIV mainly occurs through close contact with infected animals. The virus is shed in the nasal and ocular discharges as well as in other excretions (saliva, urine and feces). The spread by aerosol droplets is likely factor in quick spread of the virus by winds for considerable distance.

Rabies is a fatal and viral zoonotic disease caused by genus Lyssavirus. The bite of an infected animal transmits the virus.  Virus replicates locally in muscle tissues, and then travels up peripheral nerves into the spinal cord and brain. The time between bite and clinical signs is usually 2-9 weeks or can be longer than 6 months depending on the site of the bite.

Trypanosomosis is caused by Trypanosoma evnasi. The hosts principally affected are equids, camels, buffaloes and cattle. The disease occurs in tropical and sub tropical regions of Asia, Africa, Central America and South America.

Equine babesiosis/piroplasmosis is caused by intra-erythrocytic protozoa Theileria equi and/ or Babesia caballi. The disease is transmitted from infected horse to healthy horse by bite of infected ticks. The disease is endemic in native equines. Clinical signs appear under stress conditions.